Both Leica M10 and Fujifilm X-Pro2 have 24.0 MP resolution sensors but Leica M10's sensor is Full frame (35.8 x 23.9 mm ) and Fujifilm X-Pro2's sensor is APS-C (23.6 x 15.6 mm ).
Since Leica M10's has a larger sensor area with the same resolution, this means that it also has a larger pixel area hence better light collecting capacity for a given aperture compared to Fujifilm X-Pro2.
One other difference between these two cameras that is worth mentioning is that Fujifilm X-Pro2's sensor doesn't have an anti-alias (Low-Pass) filter. Removing anti-alias filter increases the sharpness and level of detail but at the same time, it increases the chance of moiré occurring in certain scenes.
Below you can see the M10 and X-Pro2 sensor size comparison.
As seen above, Leica M10 has a 2.3x Larger sensor area than Fujifilm X-Pro2. Larger sensors give photographer more control on the depth of field and blurry background compared to smaller sensor when shot in same focal length and aperture.