Sigma SD10 has a
3.0MP APS-C (20.7 x 13.8 mm ) sized CMOS (Foveon X3) sensor . On the other hand, Pentax K-1 has a
36.0MP Full frame (35.9 x 24 mm ) sized CMOS sensor .
Pentax K-1's sensor provides 33MP more than Sigma SD10's sensor, which gives a significant advantage in real life. You can print your images larger or crop more freely.
On the other hand, please keep in mind that Max sensor resolution is not the only determinant of resolving power. Factors such as the optical elements, low pass filter, pixel size and sensor technology also affects the final resolution of the captured image.
Another similarity between these two cameras is that both Pentax K-1 and Sigma SD10 sensors lack anti-alias (Low-Pass) filters. Removing anti-alias filter increases the sharpness and level of detail but at the same time, it increases the chance of moiré occurring in certain scenes.
Below you can see the SD10 and K-1 sensor size comparison.
As seen above, Pentax K-1 has a 3.0x Larger sensor area than Sigma SD10. Larger sensors give photographer more control on the depth of field and blurry background compared to smaller sensor when shot in same focal length and aperture.