Samsung NX300M has a
20.0MP APS-C (23.5 x 15.7 mm ) sized CMOS sensor and features DRIMe IV processor. On the other hand, Samsung NX500 has a
28.0MP APS-C (23.5 x 15.7 mm ) sized BSI-CMOS sensor and features DRIMe 5 processor.
Samsung NX500's sensor provides 8MP more than Samsung NX300M's sensor, which gives a significant advantage in real life. You can print your images larger or crop more freely.
On the other hand, please keep in mind that Max sensor resolution is not the only determinant of resolving power. Factors such as the optical elements, low pass filter, pixel size and sensor technology also affects the final resolution of the captured image.
One other difference between these two cameras that is worth mentioning is that Samsung NX500's sensor doesn't have an anti-alias (Low-Pass) filter. Removing anti-alias filter increases the sharpness and level of detail but at the same time, it increases the chance of moiré occurring in certain scenes.
Below you can see the NX300M and NX500 sensor size comparison.
Samsung NX300M and Samsung NX500 have the same sensor sizes so they will provide same level of control over the depth of field when used with same focal length and aperture. On the other hand, since Samsung NX300M has 40% larger pixel area compared to Samsung NX500, it has potential to collect more light on pixel level hence have less noise in low light / High ISO images.