Canon SX30 IS has a
14.0MP 1/2.3-inch (6.17 x 4.55 mm ) sized CCD sensor and features Digic 4 processor. On the other hand, Pentax K-5 IIs has a
16.0MP APS-C (23.7 x 15.7 mm ) sized CMOS sensor and features Prime II processor.
One other difference between these two cameras that is worth mentioning is that Pentax K-5 IIs's sensor doesn't have an anti-alias (Low-Pass) filter. Removing anti-alias filter increases the sharpness and level of detail but at the same time, it increases the chance of moiré occurring in certain scenes.
Below you can see the SX30 IS and K-5 IIs sensor size comparison.
As seen above, Pentax K-5 IIs has a 13.3x Larger sensor area than Canon SX30 IS. Larger sensors give photographer more control on the depth of field and blurry background compared to smaller sensor when shot in same focal length and aperture.