Canon S200 has a
10.0MP 1/1.7 (7.44 x 5.58 mm ) sized CCD sensor and features Digic 5 processor. On the other hand, Leica Q2 has a
47.0MP Full frame (36 x 24 mm ) sized CMOS sensor and features Maestro II processor.
Leica Q2's sensor provides 37MP more than Canon S200's sensor, which gives a significant advantage in real life. You can print your images larger or crop more freely.
On the other hand, please keep in mind that Max sensor resolution is not the only determinant of resolving power. Factors such as the optical elements, low pass filter, pixel size and sensor technology also affects the final resolution of the captured image.
One other difference between these two cameras that is worth mentioning is that Leica Q2's sensor doesn't have an anti-alias (Low-Pass) filter. Removing anti-alias filter increases the sharpness and level of detail but at the same time, it increases the chance of moiré occurring in certain scenes.
Below you can see the S200 and Q2 sensor size comparison.
As seen above, Leica Q2 has a 20.8x Larger sensor area than Canon S200. Larger sensors give photographer more control on the depth of field and blurry background compared to smaller sensor when shot in same focal length and aperture.