Both Nikon D300 and Casio EX-H10 have 12.0 MP resolution sensors but Nikon D300's sensor is APS-C (23.6 x 15.8 mm ) and Casio EX-H10's sensor is 1/2.3-inch (6.17 x 4.55 mm ).
Since Nikon D300's has a larger sensor area with the same resolution, this means that it also has a larger pixel area hence better light collecting capacity for a given aperture compared to Casio EX-H10.
Below you can see the D300 and EX-H10 sensor size comparison.
As seen above, Nikon D300 has a 13.3x Larger sensor area than Casio EX-H10. Larger sensors give photographer more control on the depth of field and blurry background compared to smaller sensor when shot in same focal length and aperture.