Sigma SD1 has a
15.0MP APS-C (24 x 16 mm ) sized CMOS (Foveon X3) sensor and features Dual True II processor. On the other hand, Sony A7R has a
36.0MP Full frame (35.9 x 24 mm ) sized CMOS sensor and features Bionz X processor.
Sony A7R's sensor provides 21MP more than Sigma SD1's sensor, which gives a significant advantage in real life. You can print your images larger or crop more freely.
On the other hand, please keep in mind that Max sensor resolution is not the only determinant of resolving power. Factors such as the optical elements, low pass filter, pixel size and sensor technology also affects the final resolution of the captured image.
Another similarity between these two cameras is that both Sony A7R and Sigma SD1 sensors lack anti-alias (Low-Pass) filters. Removing anti-alias filter increases the sharpness and level of detail but at the same time, it increases the chance of moiré occurring in certain scenes.
Below you can see the SD1 and A7R sensor size comparison.
As seen above, Sony A7R has a 2.2x Larger sensor area than Sigma SD1. Larger sensors give photographer more control on the depth of field and blurry background compared to smaller sensor when shot in same focal length and aperture.