Panasonic S1R has a
47.0MP Full frame (36 x 24 mm ) sized CMOS sensor and features Venus Engine processor. On the other hand, Leica M-Monochrom has a
18.0MP Full frame (36 x 24 mm ) sized CCD sensor .
Panasonic S1R's sensor provides 29MP more than Leica M-Monochrom's sensor, which gives a significant advantage in real life. You can print your images larger or crop more freely.
On the other hand, please keep in mind that Max sensor resolution is not the only determinant of resolving power. Factors such as the optical elements, low pass filter, pixel size and sensor technology also affects the final resolution of the captured image.
Another difference between these two cameras is that Panasonic S1R's sensor lacks anti-alias (Low-Pass) filter. Removing anti-alias filter increases the sharpness and level of detail but at the same time, it increases the chance of moiré occurring in certain scenes.
Below you can see the S1R and M-Monochrom sensor size comparison.
Panasonic S1R and Leica M-Monochrom have the same sensor sizes so they will provide same level of control over the depth of field when used with same focal length and aperture. On the other hand, since Leica M-Monochrom has 165% larger pixel area (47.73µm2 vs 18.00µm2) compared to Panasonic S1R, it has larger pixel area to collect light hence potential to have less noise in low light / High ISO images.