Panasonic S1 has a
24.0MP Full frame (35.6 x 23.8 mm ) sized CMOS sensor and features Venus Engine processor. On the other hand, Sigma SD14 has a
5.0MP APS-C (20.7 x 13.8 mm ) sized CMOS (Foveon X3) sensor .
Panasonic S1's sensor provides 19MP more than Sigma SD14's sensor, which gives a significant advantage in real life. You can print your images larger or crop more freely.
On the other hand, please keep in mind that Max sensor resolution is not the only determinant of resolving power. Factors such as the optical elements, low pass filter, pixel size and sensor technology also affects the final resolution of the captured image.
Another similarity between these two cameras is that both Sigma SD14 and Panasonic S1 sensors lack anti-alias (Low-Pass) filters. Removing anti-alias filter increases the sharpness and level of detail but at the same time, it increases the chance of moiré occurring in certain scenes.
Below you can see the S1 and SD14 sensor size comparison.
As seen above, Panasonic S1 has a 3.0x Larger sensor area than Sigma SD14. Larger sensors give photographer more control on the depth of field and blurry background compared to smaller sensor when shot in same focal length and aperture.