Canon ELPH 150 IS has a
20.0MP 1/2.3' (6.17 x 4.55 mm ) sized CCD sensor and features Digic 4+ processor. On the other hand, Fujifilm X-M1 has a
16.0MP APS-C (23.6 x 15.6 mm ) sized CMOS X-TRANS I sensor and features EXR Processor II processor.
One other difference between these two cameras that is worth mentioning is that Fujifilm X-M1's sensor doesn't have an anti-alias (Low-Pass) filter. Removing anti-alias filter increases the sharpness and level of detail but at the same time, it increases the chance of moiré occurring in certain scenes.
Below you can see the ELPH 150 IS and X-M1 sensor size comparison.
As seen above, Fujifilm X-M1 has a 13.1x Larger sensor area than Canon ELPH 150 IS. Larger sensors give photographer more control on the depth of field and blurry background compared to smaller sensor when shot in same focal length and aperture.